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<> Cyclic structure
Go on .
<>for loop
It is usually used for traversal of iteratable objects .
be careful , When the variables in circulation come out, the extracorporeal circulation will fail
for Circular format ：
for variable in Iteratable object : Loop body statement
example ：
for x in (1,2,3,4,5): print(x)
For iteratable objects
character string , Output the characters in the string in turn .
Dictionaries
Key of dictionary
or
Dictionary values
Key pair of dictionary
range
range(start,end,step)
start: Starting value , Do not write default 0;end: End value ;step: step , Default to 1.
<>for Syntactic else
Usage and while Of else equally
for variable in Iteratable object Circulatory body else Statement block
I'm going to do some work ：
b=['name','age','type','number'] a=[] for i in range(4): an=input(' Please input {0}:'.
format(b[i])) a.append(an) print(' Input completed ',end='! ') if an=='q': print(' Active exit entry ')
break else: c=dict(zip(b,a)) print(' Input completed , The input result is {0}'.format(c))
normal operation ： Will carry out else Statement of
break In this case , Not implemented else Statement in
<>break sentence
Can be used for while and for loop , Used to receive the entire loop , When there are nested loops ,break Statement can only jump out of the nearest layer .
<>continue sentence
End this cycle only , The whole cycle continues .
continue After that, it will be prompted that it will not run .
Here's an example ： Pay attention to the output
x=0 while True: x+=1 print(' The third {0} round '.format(x),end='\t') a=input() if a=='q':
print('break,circle is over',end='\t') break else: print('no break','\t') if a
== 'c': print('continue,just jump one circle') continue print('it`s wrong ,
continue isn`t work!') else: print('no break and no continue,a full circle')
<> Nested loop exercise
1. Realize such an array
My way of writing ：
for x in range(5): for i in range(5): if i<4: print(x,end='\t') else: print(x,
end='\n')
Writing in class
for x in range(5): for i in range(5): print(x,end='\t') print()
Still young , I didn't expect to go straight print() Empty output for line feed
2. Print the multiplication table below
My way of writing
for x in range(1,10,1): for i in range(1,x+1,1): print(str(x),'*',str(i),'=',x*
i,end='\t') print()
What we talked about in class is used .format To format the output
print("{0}*{1}={2}".format(x,i,x*i),end='\t')
3. Use lists and dictionaries to store the following information , And print out the salary higher than 15000 Data for
I wrote it ：
l1={'name':' Gao Xiaoyi ',' Age ':'18',' salary ':30000,' city ':' Beijing '} l2={'name':' Gao Xiaoer ',' Age ':'19',
' salary ':20000,' city ':' Shanghai '} l3={'name':' Gao Xiaowu ',' Age ':'20',' salary ':10000,' city ':' Shenzhen '} a=[l1,l2,
l3] for x in a: if x.get(' salary ')>=15000: print(x)
The idea is the same this time , Don't write the code in class .
<> Optimization of loop code
1. Minimize unnecessary calculations within the loop ;
2. In nested loop, forgive and reduce the calculation of inner layer , Take the calculation out ;
3. Fast algorithm of local variable query , Try to use local variables .
<> use zip() Do parallel iterations
There are other ways to do it , It's just that zip This effect can be achieved
<> Inferential creation sequence
<> List derivation
Generate list objects
[ expression for item in Iteratable object ] a=[x**2 for x in range(1,5,1)] print(a)
or
[ expression for item in Iteratable object if Conditional judgment ] a=[x**2 for x in range(1,10,1) if x%2==0] print
(a)
The more complicated ones can even be written ：
a=[(x,y)for x in range(3) for y in range(3)] print(a)
Whole life
a=['{0}*{1}={2}'.format(x,y,x*y) for x in range(1,10,1) for y in range(1,x+1,1)
] count=0 for i in range(0,9,1): for b in range(0,i+1,1): print(a[count],end=' '
) count+=1 print() print(' multiplication table ')
<> Dictionary derivation
Generate dictionary object
{key_expression : value_expression for expression in Iteratable object } a1=['name','age','type']
a2=['temmie',23,'dog'] a={a1[i]:a2[i] for i in range(2)} print(a)
A more useful example was given in class ： Count the number of letters in a sentence ：
text='i am temmie!temmie!!temmie!!!' a={c:text.count(c) for c in text} print(a)
Because the key of the dictionary cannot be repeated , So all the characters should have appeared , But each character appears only once .
<> Set derivation
{expression for expression in Iteratable object }
It's like a dictionary , I won't show it here .
<> Generator derivation （ Generating tuples ）
be careful ： The generator can be run only once . A generator is an iterative object , It can be used as an iterative object .
gnt=(x for x in range(1,100) if x%9==0) for x in gnt: print(x,end=' ')
<> practice ： Draw concentric circles of different colors
First, add the grammar of two little turtles ：
1. You can assign variables to simplify the input ：t=turtle.Pen(), In this way, it can be written directly when called later t.circle To simplify the input code .
2.turtle.done() You can keep the drawn window open （ In the past, my screenshots were all closed debug Here's a screenshot , Gan !）
3.turtle.speed() To set the drawing speed
import turtle as t t.width('5') t.speed(0) co=('red','orange','yellow','green',
'cyan','blue','purple') for i in range(1,7,1): t.color(co[i]) t.penup() t.goto(0
,-50*i) t.pendown() t.circle(50*i) t.done()
<> practice ： Draw chessboard
import turtle as t t.width('5') t.speed(0) for f in range(0,2,1): for i in
range(0,5,1): if f==0: t.penup() t.goto(-100,50*i) t.pendown() t.goto(100,50*i)
else: t.penup() t.goto(50*(i-2),0) t.pendown() t.goto(50*(i-2),200) t.done()
<> function
Functions are reusable blocks of program code . It's the encapsulation of the code , Added function call , Transfer parameters , Return calculation results and other contents .
Query function documents can be used ：
help( Function name .__doc__)
<>python Classification of functions in
1. Built in functions ： All we can use directly are built-in functions
2. Standard library functions ： We passed import Import library , And then use the function .
3. Third party library function ： Download and install in the community , use import Imported third party functions .
4. User defined function ： We create our own functions .
<> How to define function ：
def Function name ([ parameter list ])： ''' Document string （ Explanatory notes ）''' Function body / Several sentences
For multiple parameters **,** separate . Function should be preserved without parameters .
example ：
establish
def temmie(n): for i in range(1,n+1,1): print('temmie','!'*i)
call
temmie(5)
<> Formal parameter and actual parameter
Formal parameters are used when defining functions , Is a local variable , The part beyond the function will be invalid . Formal parameters do not need to specify a type , The actual parameter and the formal parameter should be corresponding one by one .
def Function name ( Formal parameter 1, Formal parameter 2…)
The argument is when the function is called , The parameters passed are called arguments .
Function name ( Actual parameters 1, Actual parameters 2…)
<> The return value of the function
return Statement can be written or not , Do not write default return None.
Use time format ：return expression
return The following statement is not executed .
object = Function name ( Actual parameters ), This gives the return value to the object .
A function is also an object , You can also not pass it to other variables , Use directly as an object .
When multiple values are to be returned , You can use the list , Dictionary to return multiple data .
<> Global variable and local variable （ Scope of variable ）
The module in which a variable works is called the scope of the variable . The variables with the same name in different scopes have no influence on each other .
global variable ：：
1. Variables declared outside function and class definitions . The scope is the defined module , Start from the defined position until the end of the module ;
2. Global variables reduce the versatility and readability of functions , The use of global variables should be avoided as far as possible ;
3. Global variables are generally used as constants ;
4. Function to change the value of the global variable , Need to use global Make a statement ;
local variable ：：
1. In function body （ Include formal parameters ） Declared variables ;
2. References to local variables are faster than references to global variables , Priority to use ;
3. If the local variable has the same name as the global variable , This hides global variables within the function , Use only local variables with the same name . If you want to use it, use it global Let's make a statement .
Output Global , local variable
Use the following statement
print(locals()) print(globals()) a=100 b=200 def temmie_num(): a=1000 print(a)
global b b=400 print(' This is a local variable ',locals()) print(' This is a global variable ',globals()) temmie_num()
<> Transfer of parameters
The parameter passing of function is essentially ： Assignment operation from real parameter to formal parameter .
1. For variable objects
Dictionaries , list , aggregate , Custom objects, etc , The delivery operation is actually the address of the delivered content . Is to operate on the same object .
2. For immutable objects
number , character string , tuple ,function etc. , The pass operation creates a new object .
a=100# number , Immutable object b=[200]# list , Variable object print(type(a),type(b)) print('a And b Your address ',id(a),id(b
)) def temmie(m,n): print('m And n Your address ',m,id(m),n,id(n),' Address passed in ') m=m*2 n.append(20)
print('m And n Your address ',m,id(m),n,id(n)) temmie(a,b)#a It's immutable ,b It's a variable object print(a,b)
But I had a little doubt when I tried , If the list operation is changed to n=n*2 In my words , Its address will change .
<> Shallow copy (copy) And deep copy (deepcopy)
Shallow copy ： Do not copy the contents of the sub object , It's just a reference to a child object .
Deep copy ： Even the memory of the sub object will be copied , Modifications to child objects do not affect the source object .
Need to import when using copy modular
Let's test it with code ：
import copy a=[10,20,[30,40]] b=[50,60,[70,80]] a_c=copy.copy(a) b_c=copy.
deepcopy(b) a_c[2][1]=100 print(a,'\n',a_c) b_c[2][1]=100 print(b,'\n',b_c)
print('a Element address of :',a[0],':',id(a[0]),a[1],':',id(a[1]),a[2][0],':',id(a[2][0]),a[2]
[1],':',id(a[2][1])) print('a_c Element address of :',a_c[0],':',id(a_c[0]),a_c[1],':',id(a_c[1
]),a_c[2][0],':',id(a_c[2][0]),a_c[2][1],':',id(a_c[2][1])) print('b Element address of :',b[0]
,':',id(b[0]),b[1],':',id(b[1]),b[2][0],':',id(b[2][0]),b[2][1],':',id(b[2][1]))
print('b_C Element address of :',b_c[0],':',id(b_c[0]),b_c[1],':',id(b_c[1]),b_c[2][0],':',id(
b_c[2][0]),b_c[2][1],':',id(b_c[2][1]))
result ：
Now I'll show my understanding with pictures and pictures ：
in other words , If list a There is a small book , This little book remembers how many elements it contains , Where are the elements , Shallow copy is just a list a It's a copy of the same one , And the list a List contained in b My little book is the same as before ; A deep copy copies all the books .
<> Several types of parameters
<> Location parameter
Function call , Arguments are passed in positional order by default , Number and parameter matching is required . Parameters passed by location , be called ： Location parameter
<> Default value parameter
for example ：def fuction1(a,b,c=1,d=2)
this side c and d This is the default parameter , These values are used by default if they are not given when the function is called , If given, the input value is used . The default parameter must be placed at the end
<> Named parameters
as ：def fuction1(a,b,c)
Write on call fuction(c=1,b=2,a=10) Then and write fuction(10,2,1) The effect is the same , But it can be written out of order .
<> Variable parameters
* *param, Collect multiple parameters into a tuple object .
* **param, Collect multiple adoption numbers into a dictionary object . def temmie(a,b,*c): print(a,b,c) def temmie01(a,b,
**c): print(a,b,c) temmie(1,2,3,4,5,6) temmie01(1,2,name='temmie',age=23)
# Pay attention to the way the dictionary says it !!
<> Forcing named parameters
For the above variable parameters , If it comes first , There will be values that do not know from where to which belong to this variable parameter , So if the function is defined as ：
*def fuction01(a,b,c)
In this form , Call should write ：
fuction01(1,2,3,4,b=1,c=2)
Write the name in this way , Everything else is not specified *a Content of .
<>lambda Expressions and anonymous functions
lambda Expressions can be used to declare anonymous functions , It's a simple way , How to define a function on the same line .
lambda Only one expression is allowed , Cannot contain complex statements , The result of the expression is the return value of the function .
lambda arg1,arg2...:< expression >
arg1,arg2… Equivalent to the parameters of a function ,< expression > Equivalent to function body .
<>eval function
String str Evaluates as a valid expression and returns the result of the evaluation .
eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value
Let's do the whole job ：
while True: message=input('temmie say:') if message=='q': print('tteemmiiee
say:see ya!!!!',end='') break else: print('tteemmiiee alsooo say:',end='') eval(
message)
<> Recursive function
Recursive functions refer to ： Call your own functions , Call yourself directly or indirectly inside the function body .
Each recursive function must contain the following two parts ：1. Termination conditions ： Indicates when the recursion ends , Generally used for return values , Don't call yourself again ;2. recursive procedure ： Put the first n The value of step and step n-1 Step correlation .
Recursive functions take up a lot of resources , Use with care .
example ： Calculate factorial
def fuction01(n): if n==1: return 1 else: return n*fuction01(n-1) a=fuction01(5
) print(a)
<> Nested function （ Internal function ）
A function defined inside a function
this is it ：
def outer_fuction(): Code block def inner_fuction(): Code block inner_fuction()# The outer function calls the inner function
outer_fuction()# Using external functions
be careful , An internal function can only be used by this external function , The inner function cannot be called from another location .
effect ： encapsulation ： Nested functions cannot be accessed externally .2. Avoid code duplication inside functions .3. closure （ Not for the time being ）
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