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<>1.1 inux Main work content of operation and maintenance
1, What is? linux Operation and maintenance
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Operation and maintenance refers to the maintenance of network software and hardware that has been established by large organizations , Is to ensure that the business line and normal operation .
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In the course of his operation , Maintain him , He assembled the Internet , system , database , development , security , Monitoring technology .
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There are many kinds of operation and maintenance , yes DBA Operation and maintenance , Website operation and maintenance , Virtualization operation and maintenance , Monitoring operation and maintenance , Game operation and maintenance, etc .
Operation and maintenance classification ：
1） Development and operation ： Is to develop operation and maintenance tools and operation and maintenance platform for application operation and maintenance
2） Application operation and maintenance ： It's to get the business online , Maintenance and troubleshooting , Use the tools developed by development, operation and maintenance to put the business online , maintain , Do troubleshooting
3） System operation and maintenance ： It is to provide business infrastructure for application operation and maintenance , such as ： system , network , monitor , Hardware, etc
2, Common work contents of basic operation and maintenance
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Service monitoring technology ： Including the development of monitoring platform , application , Accuracy of service monitoring , Real time , Comprehensive guarantee
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Service failure management ： Design of failure plan including service , Automatic implementation of plan , Fault summary and feedback to product / The design level of the system is optimized to improve the stability of the product
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Service capacity management ： Measuring the capacity of a service , Computer room construction of planning service , Expansion , Migration, etc
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Service performance optimization ： From all directions , Including network optimization , Operating system optimization , Application optimization , Client optimization, etc , Improve service performance and response speed , Improve user experience
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Service global traffic scheduling ： Traffic of access service , According to the capacity and service status, the traffic is distributed in each machine room
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Service security ： Including access security of services , Anti attack , Authority control, etc
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Automatic service publishing and deployment ： Deployment platform / Development of tools , And platform / Use of tools , Be safe , Efficient publishing service
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Service cluster management ： Server management including services , Large scale cluster management, etc
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Service cost optimization ： Reduce the resources used by service operation as much as possible , Reduce service operation cost
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Database management （DBA）： By design , Develop and manage high performance database cluster , Make database service more stable , More efficient , Easier to manage .
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Platform development ： class docker The development and management of e-commerce platform , And service access technology
<>1.2 Linux Development process of operation and maintenance work
1, Manual management stage
1） Business scale
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The business flow is not big , The number of servers is relatively small , The system complexity is not high .
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For daily business management operations , We are more of a login server by hand , It's a war of its own .
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Everyone has their own way of operation , Lack of necessary operation standards , Process mechanism , For example, the business directory environment is various .
2） operating duty
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Early operation and maintenance team in the case of fewer staff , Mainly for data center construction , Basic network construction , Server procurement and server installation and delivery .
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Changes to online services are rarely involved , monitor , Management, etc .
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At this time, the operation and maintenance team more belongs to the role of infrastructure , Provide a simple , The available network environment and system environment are enough .
2, Tool batch operation stage
1） Business scale
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With the size of the server , The increase of system complexity , The full manual operation mode has been unable to meet the needs of the rapid development of business .
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therefore , Operation and maintenance personnel gradually began to use batch operation tools , There are different script programs for different operation types .
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here , Although the efficiency has been improved , But it soon met the bottleneck , There is not much improvement in the quality of operation .
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We started to build a lot of process specifications , For example, review mechanism , First go online and observe a server 10 We'll continue in minutes , At least observe after an upgrade is completed 20 Minutes, etc .
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These are mainly supervised and implemented by people , But in the actual process, the implementation is often not in place , On the contrary, it reduces the work efficiency .
2） operating duty
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At this time, the operation and maintenance team will also undertake some server monitoring work , At the same time, I will be responsible for LVS,Nginx Business logic independent 4/7 Operation and maintenance of the first floor .
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At this time, the service change is more manual operation one by one , Or there are some simple batch scripts .
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The focus of monitoring is more on server status and resource usage , There is little monitoring of service application status , Monitor more use of various open source systems such as Nagios,Cacti etc .
3, Platform management phase
1） Business scale
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At this stage , We decided to start building the operation and maintenance platform , Carrying standards through platforms , technological process , Then liberate manpower and improve quality .
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At this point, the change action of the service is abstracted , The operation method is formed , Service directory environment , Service operation mode and other unified standards .
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Constraint operation process through platform , As mentioned above, go online to observe a server 10 minute , The start / stop interface of the program must include start / stop interface , stop it , Heavy load, etc .
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Force pause checkpoints in platform , After the first server operation is completed , The operation and maintenance personnel are required to fill in the corresponding inspection items , Then you can continue to perform subsequent deployment actions .
2） operating duty
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Due to the continuous increase of business scale and complexity , The operation and maintenance team will be gradually divided into application operation and maintenance and system operation and maintenance .
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Application operation and maintenance starts to take over online business , Gradually carry out service monitoring , Data backup and service change .
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With the deepening of service , Application operation and maintenance engineers have the ability to start some simple optimization of services .
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meanwhile , In response to a large number of service changes every day , We also began to write various operation and maintenance tools , For some specific services, it is very convenient to batch change .
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With the increase of business scale , There are more and more infrastructure failures due to insufficient capacity planning or weak ability to resist risks , It forces the operation and maintenance personnel to put more energy into multi data center disaster recovery , On the direction of plan management .
4, System self scheduling phase
1） work environment
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Larger number of services , More complex service relationships , Various operation and maintenance platforms , The original way of converting batch operation into platform operation is no longer suitable .
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A higher level of abstraction is needed for service changes , Abstract each server into a container , According to the resource usage, the dispatching system , Scheduling services , Deploy to the right server .
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Automation completes the linkage with the surrounding operation and maintenance systems , For example, monitoring system , Log system , Backup system, etc .
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Through self scheduling system , Dynamically scale capacity according to service operation , Able to automatically handle common service failures .
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The work of operation and maintenance personnel will also be advanced to the product design stage , Assist the R & D personnel to transform the service so that they can access the self dispatching system .
2） operating duty
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When the business scale reaches a certain level , Open source monitoring system in terms of performance and function , Has been unable to meet business needs ;
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Massive service changes , Complex service relationships , It used to be recorded manually , The way of tool change can not meet the business requirements in terms of efficiency or accuracy ;
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In terms of security, there have been various incidents, big and small , It forces us to devote more energy to security defense .
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gradual , Mentioned before the formation of operation and maintenance team 5 It's a big job category , Every category needs specialized talents .
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At this time, system operation and maintenance is more focused on infrastructure construction and operation and maintenance , Provide stability , Efficient network environment , Deliver the server and other resources to the application operation and maintenance engineer .
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Application operation and maintenance is more focused on service operation status and efficiency , Database operation and maintenance belongs to the refinement of application operation and maintenance , More focus on automation in the field of database , Performance optimization and security defense .
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Operation and maintenance R & D and operation and maintenance security provide various platforms , tool , Further improve the work efficiency of operation and maintenance engineers , Make business services run more stable , Efficient and safe .
<>1.3 Linux Operation and maintenance work classification
1, Application operation and maintenance （SRE）：
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Application operation and maintenance is responsible for the change of online service , Service status monitoring , Service disaster recovery and data backup , Carry out routine investigation on the service , Fault emergency treatment, etc
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The responsibilities are as follows ： Design review , Service management , resource management , Routine inspection , Plan management , Data backup .
2, System operation and maintenance (SYS)：
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be responsible for IDC, network ,CDN And the construction of basic services （LVS,NTP,DNS）;
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Responsible for asset management , Server selection , Delivery and maintenance , Network construction ,LVS Load balancing and SNAT build
3, Operation and maintenance development
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Is to develop operation and maintenance tools and operation and maintenance platform for application operation and maintenance
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Main platforms ： Work order system ,CMDB, monitoring system ,ELK Log system ,CI/CD,LDAP,FAQ, Training system ,OpenStack platform
4, Database operation and maintenance （DBA）:
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Database operation and maintenance is responsible for the design of data storage scheme , Database table design , Index design and SQL optimization ,
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Make changes to the database , monitor , backups , High availability design, etc , The detailed work is as follows
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Design review , Capacity planning , Data backup and disaster recovery , Database monitoring , database security , Database high availability and performance optimization
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Automation system construction , Operation and maintenance R & D , Operation and maintenance platform , monitoring system , Automated Deployment System
5, Operation and maintenance safety （SEC）：
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Responsible for network operation and maintenance security , System and business security reinforcement work
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Conduct regular security scanning , Penetration test , Develop safety tools and systems and deal with safety incidents
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The work is as follows ： Establishment of safety system , Safety training , risk assessment , Safety construction , Safety compliance , Emergency response .
<>1.4 Linux Daily operation and maintenance software and skills
1, Operation and maintenance platforms and tools used by operation and maintenance engineers
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Web The server ：apache,tomcat,nginx
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monitor ：prometheus,zabbix,openfalcon,nagios,cacti
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Automatic deployment ：ansible,saltstack,puttet
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load balancing ：keepalive,lvs,haproxy,nginx
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Backup tools ：rsync,wget
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Problem tracing ：netstat,top,tcpdump,last
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container ：docker,k8s,docker-compose,swarm
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security ：kerberos,selinux,acl,iptables
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Virtualization ：openstack,xen,kvm
2, Skills for operation and maintenance engineers
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Solid basic knowledge of computer , Including computer system architecture , operating system , Network technology, etc ;
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General applications need to understand the operating system , network , security , storage ,CDN,DB etc. , Know the relevant principles ;
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Programming ability , Small to the development of operation and maintenance tools, large to large operation and maintenance system / Platform development requires good programming ability ;
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Data analysis ability ： Able to organize , Analyze the data of system operation , Find problems and find solutions ;
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Rich system knowledge , Including system tools , Typical system architecture , Common platform selection, etc ;
Technology